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Serum Beclin 1 and autophagy-related protein-5 and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among cirrhotic hepatitis C patients

Egyptian Liver Journal volume 11, Article number: 81 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The most common primary liver cancer in adults is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is commonly presented with a poor prognosis. Therefore, it is important to explore effective biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC patients. Autophagy is involved in the development and prevention of cancer. Mammalian Beclin-1 is needed for an autophagic vesicle in HCC. Autophagy-related protein-5 (ATG5) is an important molecule involved in cell death during autophagy. The objective is to investigate serum ATG 5 and Beclin 1 levels in HCV-induced liver cirrhosis with and without HCC. The study was conducted on 80 individuals classified into 3 groups:

  • Group 1: 30 patients with HCV-induced liver cirrhosis without HCC.

  • Group 2: 30 patients with HCV-induced liver cirrhosis with HCC.

  • Group 3: 20 healthy subjects (control group).

Results

Serum ATG 5 was significantly lower in HCC than liver cirrhosis patients. Serum Beclin 1 was significantly higher in HCC than liver cirrhosis patients. A cutoff value of < 95.7 and > 5.3 of serum ATG5 and Beclin 1 could be suggested for diagnosis of HCC among patients with HCV-related cirrhosis.

Conclusion

Serum Beclin 1 and ATG 5 could be used as a novel diagnostic marker for HCC. Moreover, scoring of serum BECLIN 1, ATG 5, and cachexia might be a future promising tool to predict the risk of HCC development.

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide accounting for 7% of all cancers [1]. The most frequent risk factor for HCC is cirrhosis. All causes of cirrhosis can be complicated by HCC, but the risk increased in patients with viral hepatitis. Moreover, around one-third of cirrhotic patients will develop HCC during lifetime [2]. The autophagic response is deregulated in chronic liver conditions which can develop HCC [3].

Autophagy has a pro-survival function during HCC. Increased autophagy flux was detected in advanced cases of HCC and an increased autophagy response was found to be associated with malignant development and poor prognosis of HCC [4, 5]. Autophagy helps HCC invasion by having effect on the epithelial–mesenchymal transition [6]. It explains why HCC develops in cirrhotic liver rather than in normal liver.

BECLIN1 is a dual function molecule which acts as a tumor suppressor and autophagy regulator [7]. Mice with alteration of BECLIN1 showed a decreased autophagy activity and the formation of malignant lesions like HCC [8].

Autophagy-related protein-5 (ATG5) can control autophagy. Calpain 1 is a calcium-dependent non-lysosomal cysteine protease that digests ATG5 [9]. Low intracellular calcium levels decrease the cleavage activity of Calpain 1, increase the level of ATG5 and ATG12-ATG5 and increase autophagy [10]. MicroRNA (miR181a) interacts with a miRNA response element in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of ATG5, which inhibits its transcription. Increased expression of miR181a decreases ATG5 mRNA and protein levels, resulting in autophagy inhibition [11].

The aim of the work is to evaluate the level of serum Beclin1 and serum ATG5 among cirrhotic hepatitis C virus patients with and without hepatocellular carcinoma.

Subjects

This study was conducted on 80 individuals admitted to the Tropical Medicine Department of Alexandria Main University Hospital during the period from October 2018 to January 2020 who were divided into 3 groups:

  • Group 1: 30 patients with HCV-induced liver cirrhosis without HCC

  • Group 2: 30 patients with HCV-induced liver cirrhosis with HCC

  • Group 3: 20 healthy subjects of matched age and sex as control

Informed consent was taken from every participant in this study.

Exclusion criteria

Patients with chronic HBV infection, any other identifiable cause of chronic hepatitis other than HCV, and patients with any suspected malignancies other than HCC, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, coronary disease, organ transplantation, and autoimmune hepatitis were excluded.

Methods

All participants were subjected to a detailed history taking and clinical assessment. The presence or absence of cirrhosis and HCC existence were documented by an ultrasound followed by a triphasic CT for those who had suspected focal hepatic lesions.

Serum AFP [12], Beclin 1 [13], and ATG 5 [14] levels were measured by using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Statistical analysis of the data [15]

Data were fed to the computer and analyzed using IBM SPSS software package version 20.0 [16]. Qualitative data were described using number and percent. Quantitative data were described using range (minimum and maximum), mean, standard deviation, and median. Comparison between the three studied groups regarding categorical variables was tested using Chi-square test.

For normally distributed data, comparison between the three studied groups was analyzed, F-test (ANOVA) to be used and post hoc test (Scheffe). For abnormally distributed data, comparison between two independent population were done using Mann–Whitney test while Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare between the three studied groups and pair wise comparison was assessed using Mann–Whitney test. Correlations between two quantitative variables were assessed using Spearman coefficient.

Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted to analyze a recommended cutoff for the 3 markers; the area under the ROC curve denotes the diagnostic performance of the test. Multivariate logistic regression was performed.

Results

Table 1 lists the demographic data between liver cirrhosis, HCC patients, and control group as regards age, sex, MELD score, Child–Pugh score, and BCLC.

Table 1 Comparison between the three studied groups according to different parameters
Full size table

In cirrhotic patients, the number of patients with cachexia was 7 out of 30 with 23.3%. In HCC patients, the number of patients with cachexia was 17 out of 30 with 56.7%. There was higher statistical significance of cachexia in patients with HCC than patients with liver cirrhosis (p value < 0.001) as shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Comparison between the three studied groups according to cachexia
Full size table

In HCC patients, 15 patients preseAls with portal vein thrombosis (PV). As regards multicentricity, there were 20 patients that presented with multiple lesions of HCC lesions, while 10 patients presented with single lesion as shown Table 3.

Table 3 Distribution of the studied cases according to CT findings in HCC group (n = 30)
Full size table

Serum alpha-fetoprotein was significantly higher in HCC patients than cirrhotic patients and control group (p 0.025, p < 0.001*). Also, there was statistically significant difference between cirrhosis and control group (p value 0.001) as shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Comparison between the three studied groups according to AFP
Full size table

Serum ATG 5 was significantly lower in patients with HCC than in patients with cirrhosis and control group (p value 0.022, p value 0.001). But there was no statistically significant difference between patients with cirrhosis than control individuals (p value 0.258) as shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Comparison between the three studied groups according to ATG5
Full size table

Serum Beclin 1 was significantly higher in HCC patients than cirrhotic patients and control group (p value < 0.001, p value 0.001). But there was no statistically significant difference between patients with cirrhosis than control individuals (p value 0.20) as shown in Table 6.

Table 6 Comparison between the three studied groups according to BECLIN1
Full size table

The diagnostic performance, cutoff point, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy for discriminating HCC from liver cirrhosis for ATG5, Becline 1, and AFP were shown in Table 7. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves) were done to estimate the cutoff points for ATG5, Becline 1, and AFP for predicting the probability for HCC as shown in Fig. 1.

Table 7 Agreement (sensitivity, specificity) for ATG5, BECLIN1 and AFP to diagnose HCC patients from Cirrhotic
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

ROC curve for AFP, ATG5, and BECLIN1 to diagnose HCC patients from cirrhotic patients

Full size image

The diagnostic performance for combined ATG5, Beclin1, and AFP for detection of HCC from cirrhosis was significant, its diagnostic performance was 0.833* (p < 0.001*), with sensitivity of 96.7%, specificity of 63.3%, positive predictive value of 72.5%, negative predictive value of 95%, and accuracy of 80% as shown in Table 8.

Table 8 Agreement (sensitivity, specificity) for Combined AFP, ATG5 and BECLIN1 to diagnose HCC patients from Cirrhotic
Full size table

Cachexia, ATG 5 level, Beclin 1, level, AFP, and Child–Pugh score were entered in a stepwise logistic regression model; the significant variables were cachexia (P < 0.031*), ATG 5 (P < 0.009*), and Beclin 1 level (P < 0.018*); on the other hand, the Child–Pugh score was insignificant in the multivariate analysis (P = 0.931) and AFP (P = 0.620) as shown in Table 9.

Table 9 Multivariate analysis logistic regression for predict HCC
Full size table

Prognostic fidelity was improved when combining these parameters in a scoring system with ATG 5 < 95.7, Beclin1 > 5.3, and presence of cachexia. Cachexia was assigned 1 point, ATG 5 < 95.7 was assigned 1 point, and Beclin1 > 5.3 was given 2. So cachexia, ATG 5, and Beclin1 level were identified as being independently predicting HCC.

The score ranged from 0 to 4 with a cutoff point 2 to predict HCC. At cutoff 2 scoring points, the PPV was 83.3% and NPV was 75.8%, with (sensitivity 70, specificity 94%) as shown in Tables 10 and 11.

Table 10 Cutoff and scoring points for the different parameters
Full size table
Table 11 Cutoffs, sensitivity and specificity for the total score
Full size table

Discussion

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) counts around 90% of primary liver cancers. The poor prognosis of patients with HCC is due to a late diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to detect new biomarkers which can be used as complements or substitutes for AFP in HCC diagnosis and to be a proper tool for assessment of tumor spread and patient prognosis as these markers can be a tool for HCC treatment and outcomes [17, 18].

Autophagy is a degradation of lysosomes which is important for cell survival under starvation, stress, and infection. The mechanism is regenerating of energy from intracellular materials (cytoplasm, organelles, protein aggregates, etc.) to meet energy requirements in low-nutritional conditions [19].

In this study, serum ATG 5 was significantly lower in patients with HCC than in patients with cirrhosis, but there was no statistically significant difference between patients with cirrhosis than control individuals. The ROC curve for ATG5 for detection of HCC from cirrhosis was significant, its diagnostic performance was 0.670* (p < 0.024*), and the cutoff point discriminating HCC from liver cirrhosis was < 95.7 with sensitivity of 76.6%, specificity of 53.33%, positive predictive value of 62.2%, negative predictive value of 69.9%, and accuracy of 65%.

This is in concordance with Yang et al. [20] who found that Atg5 were decreased in human HCC tissue in comparison with control tissue which suggests that autophagy is decreased in HCC. Also, this result is consistent with findings in Takamura et al.’s [21] study that autophagy might be a suppressor mechanism in HCC. Therefore, autophagic deficiency increases tumor growth in HCC.

In this study, serum Beclin 1 was significantly higher in HCC patients than patients with cirrhosis but there was no statistically significant difference between patients with cirrhosis than control individuals (p value < 0.001).

The ROC curve for Beclin 1 for detection of HCC from liver cirrhosis was significant, its diagnostic performance was 0.824 (p < 0.001), and the cutoff point discriminating HCC from cirrhosis was > 5.3 with sensitivity of 93.33, specificity of 66.67%, positive predictive value of 73.3%, negative predictive value of 90.9%, and accuracy of 80%.

In contrast to the results of Qiu et al. [22] that have detected that Beclin1 expression in HCC is significantly lower than that in normal and cirrhotic tissues. They have also shown that Beclin1 expression is correlated with liver cirrhosis and vascular invasion but not with TNM stage, AFP level, number of tumors, and capsule.

In this study, we developed a simple score that consisted of routinely available clinical and laboratory parameters to predict the risk of HCC in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. This prediction score is accurate. The score ranged from 0 to 4, it is composed of Cachexia which was assigned 1 point since its estimated coefficient in logistic regression model was 1.348, ATG 5 < 95.7 was assigned 1 point as its estimated coefficient I logistic regression model was 1.288, and Beclin 1 > 5.3 was given 2 points for its estimated coefficient in logistic regression model was 1.7.

A cutoff point 2 is used to predict HCC in HCV-related cirrhotic patients. At cutoff value of 2 scoring points, the PPV was 83.3% and NPV was 75.8%. Using a cutoff of 2 points led to false negative results in 4 out of 30 with HCC (sensitivity 70%, specificity 94%).

Compared with current guidelines, the prediction score provides more systematic stratification of HCC risk [23, 24].

The score suggests that patients with cachexia can predict the development of HCC. And this is consistent with Nozoe et al. [25], who used the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) as a prognostic marker in a number of gastrointestinal malignancies, and more recently, in a study by Proctor et al. [26], the PNI was found to affect the prognosis in malignancy regardless of the site of origin.

Also, in this study, assessment of serum marker may have the advantage of being noninvasive rather than other studies in which assessment of Beclin 1 and ATG 5 used the invasive technique by liver biopsy.

Conclusion

Serum Beclin 1 and ATG 5 could be used as a novel diagnostic marker for HCC. Moreover, scoring of serum BECLIN 1, ATG 5, and cachexia might be a future promising tool to predict the risk of HCC development.

Limitation of this study

Small number of patients therefore studying on a large number of patients could be suggested.

Recommendation

Wide sample sizes are suggested to validate this result.

Availability of data and materials

The published article [and its supplementary information files] contains all the data produced or analyzed during this research.

Abbreviations

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

ATG 5:

Autophagy-related protein 5

BCLC:

Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University.

Funding

No particular support from publicly supported, financially, or non-profit organizations has been granted in this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Ayman El Shayeb, Essam Saeed Bedewy, Sahar Badawy & Nermeen Abdeen

  2. Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Akram Deghedy

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  1. Ayman El Shayeb
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  2. Akram Deghedy
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  4. Sahar Badawy
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Contributions

SB was responsible for the practical section, analysis of data, and manuscript preparation. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sahar Badawy.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Ethical Committee (EC) at our institution approved the study. The EC has FWA since 2010 and operates according to the ICH GCP guidelines and applicable local and institutional regulations and guidelines (serial number of ethical approval 0201134) (FWA no. 00018699 expires January 21, 2026) (IRB no. 00012098 expires June 10, 2022). Patients included in the study signed an informed written consent to participate.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Shayeb, A.E., Deghedy, A., Bedewy, E.S. et al. Serum Beclin 1 and autophagy-related protein-5 and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among cirrhotic hepatitis C patients. Egypt Liver Journal 11, 81 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43066-021-00149-w

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Keywords

  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Hepatitis C virus
  • Serum Beclin 1
  • Serum ATG5