Table 2 Showing some less studied biomarkers to differentiate between the early stage of NAFLD and NASH [73, 74]
Early stage of NAFLD and steatosis | NASH (F1–F4) stages |
|---|---|
|  | ↑Collagen, type 1, alpha 1 (COL1A1) |
↓Complement component 4 binding protein beta | ↑Collagen, type 1, alpha 2 (COL1A2) |
↓Fibrinogen gamma/gamma chain (FGG) | ↑Connective tissue growth factor |
↓Lipid droplet-associated genes expression | ↑Cytokeratin 18 |
↓Fibrinogen beta/gamma chain (FBG) | ↑Chemokine C–C motif ligand 21 (CCL21) |
↓Serpin family SERPING1 | ↑Chemokine C–C motif ligand 5 (CCL5) |
↓SERPINC1 | ↑Chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 8 (CXCL8) |
Lipoprotein A | ↑Chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 9 (CXCL9) |
↓Paraoxygenase family protein | ↑Galectin 3 |
↓SERPINA1 | ↑A disintegrin and metallopeptidase 10 (ADAM 10) |
|  | ↑A disintegrin and metallopeptidase 17 (ADAM 17) |
↑Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) | Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (Ox LDL) |
|  | ↓Paraoxonase 3 (PON3) |
↑NF-kappa beta activation | ↓Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) |
↑Proinflammatory cytokines like Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) | ↓Cluster of differentiation 14 (CD 14) |
|  | ↓Lipoprotein A |