Table 2 Lifestyle-related factors for MAFLD cases with different grades of liver steatosis (N = 77)
From: Lifestyle determinants as predictor of severity of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)
Comorbidities | Mild steatosis (N = 28) | Moderate-severe steatosis (N = 49) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes mellitus (n = 20) | 5(17.9) | 15(30.6) | 0.219 |
Hypertension (n = 34) | 6(21.4) | 28(57.1) | 0.002 |
Hyperlipidemia (n = 42) | 11(39.3) | 31(63.3) | 0.042 |
Ever smoking (n = 13) | 6(46.2) | 7(53.8) | 0.53 |
BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± SD) | 30.28 ± 5.46 | 36.18 ± 6.72 | **< 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) (median(IQR)) | 96 (91:101) | 109 (100:124) | #< 0.001 |
Family history | N(%) | N(%) | |
Diabetes mellitus (n = 51) | 14(50) | 37(75.5) | 0.023 |
Hyperlipidemia (n = 28) | 8(28.6) | 20(40.8) | 0.283 |
Cardiovascular disease (n = 26) | 8(28.6) | 18(36.7) | 0.466 |
Obesity (n = 22) | 6(21.4) | 16(32.7) | 0.294 |
Fatty liver (28) | 10(35.7) | 18(36.7) | 0.929 |
Dietary pattern | N(%) | N(%) | |
Energy (Kcal) | *0.01 | ||
Needs improvements 50–75% (n = 6) | 5(17.9) | 1(2) | |
Acceptable 75–120% (n = 49) | 19(67.9) | 30(61.2) | |
Overconsumption > 120% (n = 22) | 4(14.3) | 18(36.7) | |
Proteins | *0.619 | ||
Acceptable 75–120% (n = 4) | 2(7.1) | 2(4.1) | |
Overconsumption > 120% (n = 73) | 26(92.9) | 47(95.9) | |
Total fats | *0.151 | ||
Unsafe < 50% | 0(0) | 1(2) | |
Needs improvements 50–75% (n = 13) | 8(28.6) | 5(10.2) | |
Acceptable 75–120% (n = 34) | 12(42.9) | 22(44.9) | |
Overconsumption > 120% (n = 29) | 8(28.6) | 21(42.9) | |
Carbohydrates | 0.028 | ||
Needs improvements 50–75% (n = 16) | 10(35.7) | 6(12.2) | |
Acceptable 75–120% (n = 41) | 14(50) | 27(55.1) | |
Overconsumption > 120% (n = 20) | 4(14.3) | 16(32.7) | |
Sleep pattern | |||
Sleep quality index N (%) | 0.029 | ||
Good sleep quality (n = 24) | 13(46.4) | 11(22.4) | |
Poor sleep quality (n = 53) | 15(53.6) | 38(77.6) | |
Physical activity grade N (%) | |||
Low (n = 35) | 7(25) | 28(57.1) | 0.006 |
Moderate (n = 42) | 21(75) | 21(42.9) |