Table 1 Anthropometric and biochemical parameters of the study group before and after Ramadan fasting
Variables (N = 40) | Before Ramadan fasting | After Ramadan fasting | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean ±SD (18–65) | 46 ± 9 | |||
Sex, N (%) | Female | 27 (67.5%) | ||
Male | 13 (32.5%) | |||
Residence, N (%) | Rural | 23 (57.5%) | ||
Urban | 17 (42.5%) | |||
Comorbidities, N (%) | Diabetes mellitus | 10 (25%) | ||
Diabetes/hypertension | 7 (17.5%) | |||
Hypertension | 7 (17.5%) | |||
Hypothyroidism | 2 (5%) | |||
Smoking, N (%) | No | 34 (85%) | ||
Yes | 6 (15%) | |||
BMI (kg/m2), mean ±SD | 30.9 ± 2.42 | 29.4 ± 1.93 | < 0.001** | |
FBG (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 108.3 ± 11.68 | 107.2 ± 11.78 | 0.035* | |
HbA1C (%), mean ± SD | 7.33 ± 0.63 | 6.97 ± 0.65 | < 0.001** | |
White blood cells (109/L) | 7.4 ± 1.9 | 6.8 ± 1.8 | < 0.001** | |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.99 ± 0.96 | 11.99 ± 0.95 | 0.323 | |
Platelets (109/L) | 249.5 ± 36.57 | 248.9 ± 36.09 | 0.265 | |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.852 ± 0.15 | 0.851 ± 0.11 | 0.103 | |
Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.248 ± 0.11 | 0.25 ± 0.1 | 0.515 | |
ALT (U/L) | 45.2 ± 7.66 | 38.75 ± 5.64 | < 0.001** | |
AST (U/L) | 35.93 ± 4.29 | 30.68 ± 3.83 | < 0.001** | |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.39 ± 0.17 | 4.21 ± 0.16 | < 0.001** | |
Total plasma protein (g/dL) | 7.54 ± 0.29 | 7.39 ± 0.29 | < 0.001** | |
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 91.55 ± 18.45 | 87.18 ± 24.6 | 0.01* | |
INR | 1.02 ± 0.096 | 1.009 ± 0.093 | 0.065 | |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.772 ± 0.134 | 0.773 ± 0.136 | 0.225 | |
BUN (mg/dL) | 14.05 ± 2.46 | 13.93 ± 2.38 | 0.096 | |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 223.2 ± 34.6 | 200.5 ± 13.4 | < 0.001** | |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 167.1 ± 69.6 | 143.5 ± 23.7 | < 0.001** | |
LDL (mg/dL) | 167 ± 36 | 118.6 ± 27 | < 0.001** | |
HDL (mg/dL) | 44.6 ± 6.8 | 49.6 ± 8.2 | < 0.001** | |