Table 1 List of traditional plants with anti-hepatotoxic potential against acute carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity

1

Abelmoselius manihot (L) medic

Malvaceae

Flower, ethanol

Treatment of jaundice and hepatitis, control of fertility, easing of child birth and stimulation of lactation.

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective actions

[32]

2

Acacia mellifera

Fabaceae

Leaves, acetate/aqueous/n-butanol

Treatment of cold, malaria, syphilis, and bowel problems.

Antimalarial, antimicrobial, antiviral activity against HIV-1, and herpes simplex virus

[33]

3

Aegle marmelos correa ex Roxb

Rutaceae

Pulp/seed, aqueous

Treatment of jaundice, hepatitis, piles, tuberculosis and antidiarrheal. Used as stomach tonic.

Antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing effects

[34]

4

Aegle marmelos correa ex Roxb with piperine

Rutaceae

Leaves, 70% ethanol

Used as astringent, laxative and expectorant. Treatment of inflammation, cataract, diabetes, diarrhea, and asthma.

Antifungal, ulcer healing, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, diuretic, anticancer, and antioxidant properties

[35]

5

Alangium salviifolium .

Alangiacea

Stem bark, methanol.

Treatment of rheumatism, cancer and hemorrhoids. Root used to manage skin diseases, diarrhea, fever, carminative, and purgative expectorant.

Antiarthritic, androgenic, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects

[36]

6

Alhagi maurorum (camel thorn)

Fabaceae

Leaves, methanol

As a remedy for rheumatic pains, bilharziasis, liver disorders, and urinary tract infection.

Antioxidant, antidiarrheal, and antiulcerrogenic activities.

[37]

7

Alhagi maurorum Medikus.

Fabaceae

Aerial parts, 90% ethanol

Treatment of liver problems, migrane and cataract. As tonic, digestive, antipyretic, laxative, diuretic, and aphrodisiac

Antiulcer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antifungal, and hepatoprotective effects

[38]

8

Allium sativum (Single clove garlic)

Amaryllidace

Garlic bulbs, 70% ethanol

Used as nutraceuticals

Antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, immune modulation activities, and lowering of blood pressure.

[39]

9

Amaranthus spinosus

Amaranthaceae

Whole plant, 50% ethanol

Prevent swelling around the stomach. Used in the treatment of jaundice

Anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antibacterial, antidiuretic, antiviral, immunostimulatory, and antioxidant effects

[40]

10

Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb)

Araceae

Tubers, aqueous

Treatment of piles, abdominal pain, tumors, enlargement of spleen, asthma, and rheumatism

Antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities

[41]

11

Argemone Mexicana L

Papaveraceae

Crude powder leaf

Treatment of malaria, fever, abdominal pains, and jaundice

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antifertility, anti-stress, anti-allegic, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, and antihepatotoxic activities

[42]

12

Artemisia iwayomogi

Comppositae

Aqueous

Treatment of hepatic disorders

Antioxidant, cytoprotection, choleretic, hepatoprotection, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects.

[43]

13

Bauhinia variegate

Leguminasea.

Stem bark, alcohol

Treatment of bronchitis, leprosy, diarrhea, piles, and tumor. Used as astringent

Hypoglycaemic, haemagglutinating, antibacterial, and antifungal effects

[44]

14

Bougainullra spectabillis

Nyctaginaceae.

Esculetin

Treatment of liver damage, cough, pertussis, and bronchitis

Antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidaemic, antioxidant, antiulcer, and antihepatotoxic activities

[45]

15

Bryonia diocia Jacq

Cucurbitaceae

Leaves, 80% ethanol

Treatment of various inflammatory conditions, brochial complaints, asthma, intestinal ulcer, hypertension, and arthritis. Applied as a rubefacient to muscular pains. Treatment of fever and bronchitis

Antinociceptive, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer, hypercholesterolemia, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and hepatoprotective

[46]

16

Brysocarpus coCClneus Schum

Connaraceae

Leaves, aqueous

Mouth and skin sores, swellings, tumors, earache, muscular pain, and jaundice

Antioxidant and hepatoprotection

[47]

17

Cajanus cajan

Leguminosae .

Aerial, 70% ethanol

Jaundice and stomach disorders

Anthelmintic, antioxidant and protection against alcohol-induced liver damage

[48]

18

Calotropis gigantean R.Br

Asclepiadaceae

Stem, 50% ethanol.

In tooth ache and ear ache, sprain, anxiety, pain, epilepsy, and in mental disorders

Antidiarrheal, analgesic, CNS activity, and pregnancy interceptive properties

[49]

19

Camellia ntidissima Chi

Theaceae

Leaves, 10 % ethanol

Treatment of dysentery, hypertension, diarrhea, faucitis, hepatitis, jaundice, liver cirrhosis and sores

Leaves show antioxidative, antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, hypolipdemic, antidepressant, antillergic, and immunomodulatory activities

[1]

20

Canna indica L

Cannaceae

Aerial part, methanol

Treatment of diuresis, fever, dropsy, earaches, and eye disease

Analgesic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects

[50]

21

Capparis spinosa

Capparidaceae

Root bark, 80% ethanol

Treatment of hepatic diseases. Reducing flatulence, treatment of rheumatism, anemia, and gout. Used as diuretics

Antidiabetic, hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and hepatoprotective effects

[51]

22

Capsella busa-pastoris (L.) Medik

Brassicaceae

Aerial parts, 90% ethanol

Remedy for liver, hemorrhages, respiratory problem, and as diuretic

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and sedative effects

[38]

23

Carissa opaca

Apocynaceae

Leaves, 95% methanol

Treatment of asthma, cardiac disorder and cough

Antioxidant, membrane stabilization, antipyretic and aperient activities

[52]

24

Carthamus tinctorius L

Asteraceae

Flower, hydroxysafflor yellow A

Treatment of dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pains, and pains of the joints. As antidote to poisoning and purgative

Antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects

[53]

25

Carthamus tinctorius. L

Asteraceae

Flower, Na₂CO₃

Treatment of gynecological diseases, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and angiitis

Nutraceutical, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, promoting blood circulation, and inhibiting platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-tumor, and antidiabetic activities

[54]

26

Carum carvil

Apiaceae

Fruit, aqueous

Treatment of jaundice, indigestion and pneumonia. As appetizer, diuretic and gastric stimulant

Anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, caminative, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and hypolipidaemic properties

[55]

27

Cassia angustifolia Vahl

Caecalpiniaceae

Leaves, ethanol.

Used in jaundice, rheumatoid arthritis, blood disease, diarrhea, ringworm, skin diseases, dysentery and as laxatives

Hepatoprotection and antioxidant activities

[56]

28

Cassia angustofolia vahl

Leguminosea

Leaves, 90% alcohol

Used as laxative, febrifuge, treatment of anemia, typhoid, cholera, jaundice and tumors

Hepatoprotection and antioxidant activities

[57]

29

Cassia fistula Linn

Caesalpinacea

Leaves, 90% ethanol

Treatment of Jaundice and rheumatism. Used as a laxative.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties

[58]

30

Cichorium intybus

Asteraceae

Esculetin

Treatment of acne, inflammation of throat, jaundice, enlargement of spleen, diarrhea, vomiting, and rheumatism

Hepatoprotection, antihelminthic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and analgesic effects

[45]

31

Cichorium intybus

Asteraceae

Seed, ethanol

Treatment of acne, inflammation of throat, jaundice, enlargement of spleen, diarrhea, vomiting, and rheumatism.

Hepatoprotection, antihelminthic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and analgesic effects

[59]

32

Cichorium intybus

Asteraceae

Seed, 0.03% methanol.

Treatment of acne, inflammation of throat, jaundice, enlargement of spleen, diarrhea, vomiting, and rheumatism

Hepatoprotection, antihelminthic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and analgesic effects.

[59]

33

Cichorium intybus

Asteraceae

Leaves, hydroethanol (1:1)

Treatment of acne, inflammation of throat, jaundice, enlargement of spleen, diarrhea, vomiting, and rheumatism

Hepatoprotection, antihelminthic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and analgesic effects.

[60]

34

Cinnamomum verum

Lauraceae

Cinnamon powder, 95% ethanol

Treatment of diabetes, respiratory, and gynecological ailments

Enhancement of glycogen synthesis, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hypolidemic, antipyretic, and analgesic activities

[61]

35

Cinnamomum verum

Lauraceae

Bark essential oil, dichloromethane

Preventing heart diseases, reduction in cholesterol and as an antidiabetic

Antioxidant, boosting cognitive activity, antiangiogenesis, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and protection against Parkinson’ disease

[62]

36

Cinnamomum zeylanicum L

Lauraceacea

Bark, 80% ethanol

Flavoring for foods and in traditional medicine to treat variety of health conditions

Antimicrobial, insecticidal, antityrosinease, antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, and cholesterol-lowering effects.

[63]

37

Citrus aurantium (essential oil)

Rutaceae

Peel skin, aqueous oil

Diaphoretic and antiseptic

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial activities

[64]

38

Citrus limon(L.) Burm.F

Rutaceae

Fruit, 70% ethanol

Treatment of liver ailment and jaundice. Treatment of sluggish liver, rheumatism, fever, and febrile diseases

Chemoprevention, lipid peroxidation inhibitor, hypocholesterolemic, and antioxidant effects.

[65]

39

Clerodendrum volubile

Verbenaceae

Leaves, 50% methanol.

Treatment of diabetes, ulcer, arthritis, and rheumatism

Antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anticancer effects

[66]

40

Clitoria ternatea L

Fabaceae

Leaves, ethanol

Treatment of liver diseases, insect bites, asthma, leukoderma, and inflammation

Antihelmintic, antihistaminic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, proteolytic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant activities

[56]

41

Corianderum sativum. L

Apiaceae

Leaves, ethanol

Treatment of jaundice

Anxiolytic, antidepressant and sedative-hypnotic effects. Neuroprotective, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antifungal, and hypolipidaemic effects

[67]

42

Corianderum sativum. L. (essential oil)

Apiaceae

Fruits, aqueous

Recommended for spastic condition of the gastro intestinal oral tract, flatulence, fullness and loss of appetite due to their antispasmodic, and antimicrobial activities

Anxiolytic, antidepressant and sedative-hypnotic effects. Neuroprotective, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antifungal, and hypolipidaemic effects

[55]

43

Coriandrum sativum

Umbelifera

Leaves/stem, 70% ethanol

Treatment of ailments like spasm, rheumatism, neuralgia, gastric complaint, bronchitis, diarrhea, carminative and diuretic tonic

Hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antifungal, free radical scavenging, and lipid peroxidation properties

[68]

44

Cortex dictamni

Rutaceae

Whole plant, aqueous

Treatment of Jaundice, chronic hepatitis, cough rheumatism and some skin diseases. To clear heat, dry dampness, dispel wind, treatment of arthritis, eczema, rubella, and urticarial

Good scavenger of free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxide

[69]

45

Curcuma longa. L

Zingiberacae

Rhizome(root), 50% ethanol and curcumin

Used for the treatment of chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus, dermatological infection, and depression

Anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and antioxidant effects

[70]

46

Cytisus scoparius L

Leguminosae

Aerial, 70% ethanol

As a diuretic hypnotic, sedative, and antidiabetic

Used as diuretic, hypnotic, sedative, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotector

[71]

47

Dicoma anomala Sond

Asteraceae

Root, aqueous

Treatment of cold and cough, fever, ulcer, and dermatosis

Antisplasmodial, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects

[72]

48

Dioscorea alata peel

Dioscoreaceae

Peel, aqueous

To strengthen stomach function, anorexia, and to eliminate diarrhea

Anti-inflammatory effect

[73]

49

Eclipta alba(L) Hassk

Asteracea

Leaves, aqueous

Treatment of Jaundice. Juice used in treatment of hair problem, typhoid, dysentery, and skin diseases

Hepatoprotection, antidiabetic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory activities

[74]

50

Emblica officinalis (Gaertn)

Euphorbiaceae

Fruit, methanol

Relieving cough and skin diseases

Antidiabetic, cytoprotective, antiulcerogenic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anticataractogenic effects

[75]

51

Entada pursaetha DC

Fabaceae

Stem, 85% ethanol

Used as narcotic. Treatment of jaundice. As an anthelmintic, in curing eye diseases, diarrhea, and skin diseases

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects

[76]

52

Ephedra foliate Boiss

Ephedraceae

Aerial parts, 90% ethanol

Treatment of allergies, asthma, lung congestion, chills and cold

Antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects

[38]

53

Euphorbia dracunculoides .L

Euphorbiaceae

Aerial part, 95% methanol

Curing skin disorders and edema. Used as diuretic and laxative and in the treatment of rheumatism, snake bite and edema

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities. Hepatoprotection against hepatocyte cell lines

[5]

54

Fagonia schweinfurthii(Hadidi) Hadidi

Zygophyllaceae .

Whole plant, ethanol.

Treatment of Jaundice, diabetes, joint pains, asthma and dropsy.

Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, wound healing and analgesic activities.

[77]

55

Fiscus carica Linn

Moraceae.

Leaves, ethyl acetate.

Treatment of vitiligo, diabetes, cough, asthma, constipation and gingivitis.

Cytotoxic, hypoglycemic and anthelmintic activities.

[78]

56

Flemingia macrophylla

Fabaceae/ Leguminosae.

Root, aqueous.

Treatment of rheumatism, arthropathy, chronic nephritis, menalgia, and menopausal syndrome.

Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypotic-sedative and anxiolytic effects.

[79]

57

Ginko biloba

Ginkgoaceae .

Leaves, aqueous.

Treatment of Alzheimer's dementia and other cognitive dysfunctions.

Antioxidant, cardioprotective, antiasthmatic, antidiabetic, management of cerebral insufficiency, and decreased gastric injury caused by ethanol.

[80]

58

Glyphae brevis

Tiliaceae.

Leaves, 50% methanol.

Treatment of hepatitis, jaundice and impotence.

Carminative, anticonvulsant effects, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and improvement of lipid metabolism.

[81]

59

Graptopetalum paraguayense E, Walther

Crassulaceae

Leaves, aqueous

Regulation, alleviation of hepatic disorders, relief of pain, detumescence and carbuncles

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hypertension regulation, antioxidant activity, and inhibition of cancer cells

[82]

60

Hibiscus sabdariffa. L

Malvaceae.

Aerial parts, 90% ethanol

Used to prepare herbal drinks and as a flavoring agent. As diuretic and choleretic

Antibacterial, antioxidant, nephroprotective, antidiabetic and antihypertensive effects

[38]

61

Hippophaerhamnoides L

Elaegnaceae

Seabuckthorn berry polysaccharide, alcohol.

Treatment of asthma and circulatory disorders

Antioxidative, antimicrobial, antiatherogenic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects

[83]

62

Indigofera oblongifolia

Leguminaceae

Whole plant, 90% ethanol

Treatment of hepatic diseases and dysentery, enlargements of liver and spleen. An antidote of poison

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities

[84]

63

Launaea procumbens

Asteraceae

Aerial parts, chloroform

Treatment of kidney disorders, hormonal imbalance, and sexual diseases

Spasmogenic, cardiovascular, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant properties

[85]

64

Lawson inermis L (Henna)

Lythraceae

Leaves, 99% methanol

Used as astringent, hypotensive, sedative against headache. Treatment of jaundice, leprosy, and nervous disorder

Antimicrobial, anti-tumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antihyperglycaemic, antilipidaemic, antidiabetic, antiviral, and hepatoprotective effects

[86]

65

Lawsonia inermis Linn

Lythraceae

Leaves, aqueous

Treatment of liver diseases, jaundice, and burn

Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesics, antimicrobial, anticancer, and hepatoprotective properties

[87]

66

Leucas cephalotes Linn.

Labiatae

Whole plant, methanol

Treatment of liver disease, snake bite, and bronchitis, inflammation and jaundice.

Antifilarial and antidiabetic activities.

[88]

67

Lobularia maritima

Brassicaceae

Leaves, 10% ethanol

Antiscorbutic, diuretic, and as an astringent

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

[7]

68

Luffa acutangula (Var) amara

Cucurbitaceae

Leaves, ethanol

As a laxative and carminative digestible. Treatment of anemia, jaundice, biliousness bronchitis, asthma, and piles

CNS depressant, antioxidant, and larvicidal activities

[89]

69

Lygodium flexuosum(L.) Sw

Lygodiaceae

Whole plant, n-hexane

Treatment of jaundice and liver disorders

Hepatoprotection against CCl₄

[90]

70

Madhuca indica Syn

Sapotaceae

Bark, methanol

Used as stimulants, demulcent, astringents, remedy of itching, and swelling

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, antihyperglycaemic, antiulcer, and antidiabetic effects

[91]

71

Madhuca indica Syn

Sapotaceae

Leaves, 70% ethanol, 90% ethanol

Treatment of piles, emetic, laxative tonic, anti –burn, and wound healing

Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic, antiashmatic, antiulcer, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and antibacterial effects

[92]

72

Mahonia oiwaken Hayata

Berberidaceae

Root , 90% ethanol

Rheumarthritis, dysentery, hepatitis, antidote, and antiphylogistic agent

Hepatoprotection, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory

[3]

73

Mallotus philippensis Muell-Arg

Euphorbiaceae

Leaves, methanol

Treatment of jaundice, threadworm, hookworm, and roundworm infections. As a purgative and carminative

Anticestodal, antibacterial, wound healing, antifilarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory effects

[93]

74

Memondica tuberosa Cogn

Cucurbitaceae

Tubers, 70% ethanol

Used as abortifacient

Antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antiovulation, antidiarrhoeal, and nephroprotective activities

[94]

75

Mentha piperita L

Lamiaceae

Leaves (essential oil)

Treatment of nausea, bronchitis, flatulence, liver complaints, ulcerative colitis, and as carminative

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

[95]

76

Menthe arvensis Linn

Lamiaceae

Leaves, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol

Carminative, antispasmodic, and anti-peptic ulcer agent

Radioprotective, antispasmodic, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antifertility, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, and anti-inflammatory

[96]

77

Mimosa pudica 2009

Fabaceae/Leguminosae.

Leaves, methanol

Treatment of piles, fistula, insomnia, traumatic injury and jaundice

Hyperglycemic, antioxidant, antihepatotoxic, antidiabetic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects

[97]

78

Mimosa pudica Linn

Fabaceae/Leguminosae.

Leaves, ethanol

Treatment of wound, oedema, allergy, fever, diabetes, and indigestion

Hyperglycemic, antioxidant, antihepatotoxic, antidiabetic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects

[98]

79

Momordica dioica Roxb

Cucurbitaceae

Leaves, ethanol

Treatment of Jaundice, hepatic diseases, fever, asthma, and as anthelmintic. Used as stomach laxative

Hypoglycemic, gastroprotective, ulcer healing, and hepatoprotective effects

[99]

80

Nerium oleander Linn

Apocynaceae

Flower, methanol

Treatment of malaria and venereal diseases. Used as diuretic, insecticide, abortifacient, and cardiotonic. Relieves Indigestion

Cardiac insufficiency, anticonvulsant, antitumor, and antioxidant effects

[100]

81

Nicotiana plumbiginifolia .L

Solanaceae

Whole plant, methanol

Treatment of cuts, wounds, toothache, and rheumatic swelling

Antispasmodic, leaves are effective lavicide, antioxidant, and antimicrobial

[101]

82

Nymphaea alba. L

Nymphaeceae

Leaves, 76% ethanol

Used as antiseptic, an astringent and as a rubefacient in insomnia

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects.

[6]

83

Olea europaea .L.

Oleaceae

Leaves, 20% oleuropein

Treatment of malaria and associated fever

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, blood pressure lowering, lipid lowering, anticancer, and cardioprotective activities

[102]

84

Origanum vulgare.

Lamiaceae

Leaves, aqueous

Treatment of respiratory disorders, indigestion, and rheumatoid arthritis

Antihyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antithrombin, antimutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic effects

[103]

85

Persea Americana mill

Lauraceae

Leaves, aqueous

Remedy for pyorrhea. Toxic to silkworms

Antifungal, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and vasorelaxant effects

[104]

86

Phyllanthus niruri

Phyllanthaceae

Aerial part, 80% ethanol

Treatment of urinary and bladder disorders, hepatic disorders, dyspepsia, influenza jaundice, and kidney stone

Hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antihyperuricemic, and lipid lowering effects

[105]

87

Physalis peruviana (Golden berry)

Solanaceae

Leaves, 50% methanol

Used as antispasmodic, diuretic, antiseptic, sedative, analgesic, and hepatitis

Antiulcer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antihypercholesterolemic activities

[106]

88

Pleiogynium timorense (DC) Leenh

Anacardiaceae

Bark, 70% methanol

–

Antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and cytotoxic effects

[107]

89

Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotaceae

Whole mushroom, 95% ethanol

Preventing heart disease, reduction in cholesterol, and treatment of diabetes

Inhibition of platelet aggregation, reduction of blood glucose and cholesterol, antibacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens, and antioxidant activities

[108]

90

Polygonum cuspidatum sieb et Zucc

Polygonaceae

Rhizome, methanol

Treatment of jaundice, and to clear heat toxin, to promote blood circulation. Dispel stasis, suppress cough, and treat snake bites

Antidiabetic, anti-hepatitis B virus, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties

[4]

91

Premna esculenta Roxb

Verbenaceae

Leaves, 95% ethanol

Treatment of hepatocellular jaundice, gout, hook worm infection, and snake bite

Antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities

[109]

92

Raphanus sativus

Brassicaceae

Leaves, aqueous and ethanol

Treatment of indigestion, abdominal bloating, diarrhea, bronchitis, intestinal parasites, and asthma

Antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, gastrointestinal, uterine tone modulatory, and cardio-modulatory activities

[110]

93

Rourea induta planch

Connaraceae.

Leaves, 99% ethanol

Treatment of respiratory and kidney diseases. Treatment of blood diarrhea, and as diuretics

Anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antipyretic activities

[111]

94

Rubia cordifolia Linn

Rubiaceae.

Root, 50% ethanol

Treatment of jaundice

Potent antioxidant property, inhibit lipid peroxidation, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and antitumor activities

[112]

95

Rumex vasicarius L

Polygonaceae.

Whole plant, methanol

Aperients, diuretic and cooling agent. Treatment of jaundice and dysentery. Curing stomach heat, toothache, and to promote appetite

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound healing, and antitumor activities

[113]

96

Semen celosia Cristatae.L

Amaranthaceae.

Dry seeds, 60% ethanol

Treatment of hypertension, palsy, cataract, keratitis, diabetes, iridocyclitis, caligo corneal, and sarcoptidosis

Antibacterial, anticancer, antidiarroheal and anti-inflammatory effects

[114]

97

Solanium trilobatum Linn

Solanaceae.

Whole plant, 90% ethanol

Used as an expectorant in the treatment of respiratory diseases, asthma, tuberculosis, and liver diseases

Broad spectrum antibiotic, antibacterial, antimitotic, anticancer, and antioxidant properties

[115]

98

Solanium xantholarpum

Solanaceae.

Fruit, 50% ethanol

Laxative, treatment of enlargement of liver, anthelmintic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic, and aphrodisiac activities.

Antiasthmatic, anti-nociceptive, antifungal, molluscicide, antispasmodic, antitumor, cardiotonic, hypotensive, antianaphylactic, and anti-urolithiatic activities

[116]

99

Spondias mombim

Anacardiaceae

Leaves and stem, 50% methanol

Treatment of hepatitis

Antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, hematinic sedative, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects

[117]

100

Stachys pilifera Benth

Lamiaceae

Leaves, 70% ethanol

Treatment of asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, and antimicrobial effects

[118]

101

Vitis thunbergii Var

Vitaceae

Aerial part, ethanol

Treatment of hepatitis, jaundice, diarrhea, and arthritis

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, neuroprotective, antibacterial, and inhibition of adipocyte differentiation

[119]

102

Xylaria nigripes(Koltz) Sacc

Xylariaceae

Solid cultured mycelia, aqueous

Treatment of insomnia, trauma, diuretic, and nerve tonic

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects

[120]

103

Zingiber officinale(Roscoe) rhizome (ginger)

Zingiberaceae

Rhizome, 90% methanol

Nutraceutical. Treatment of stomach aches, nausea, diarrhea, as carminative, appetite stimulant, and choleretic

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, neuro-protective, and gastro-protective potentials

[121]

104

Zizyphus jujube Mill

Rhaminaceae

Fruit, 70% ethanol

Invigorating the spleen, treatment of anorexia, lassitude, and control of hepatitis

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities

[122]