Table 1 Cannonball pulmonary metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma reported cases
Author, Year | Age, Sex | Medical History | Clinical Manifestations | Biopsy | Treatment | Survival, Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sundriyal et al., 2015 [13] | 65, Male | Chronic hepatitis B infection | Hemoptysis, low grade fever and non-tender hepatomegaly | HCC | Sorafenib and anti-viral therapy | N/A |
Chao et al., 2015 [14] | 72, Male | Chronic hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma | Progressively dyspnea, cachexia appearance and bilateral rhonchi with scattered crepitation over bilateral lung fields | N/A | Palliative care | 2 months, Death |
Lock et al., 2015 [15] | 71, Male | Hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, ex-smoker, history of asbestos exposure, and pulmonary embolism | Dyspnea, right-sided chest wall and upper quadrant abdominal pain and fatigue | HCC | Radiotherapy; hepatic artery embolization with doxorubicin and cisplatin | N/A, Complete resolution of pulmonary metastases and primary site complete response |
Emeruwa et al., 2015 [16] | 49, Male | Chronic hepatitis B infection | Persistent back pain, weight loss, progressive dyspnea with associated cough and hemoptysis, cachexia, hypoxia requiring supplemental oxygen and globally decreased breath sounds throughout all lung fields | HCC | Palliative care | 8 days, Death |
Mnyani et al., 2015 [17] | 30, Female | Caesarean delivery, HIV-infected, anemia, thrombocytopenia, pre-eclampsia, preterm labor | Fever, dyspnea, cough, right upper quadrant pain, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites and bilateral pitting edema on the thighs | N/A | Declined | Lost to follow-up |
Amusa et al., 2017 [18] | 51, Female | Chronic hepatitis B infection | Cough, palpitations, chest pain, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, bilateral pitting pedal oedema, right upper quadrant pain, swelling, anorexia, early satiety, constipation and pruritus. | N/A | Palliative care | N/A, Death |
Myat et al., 2022 [19] | 41, Male | Chronic hepatitis B infection | Abdominal discomfort, progressive dyspnea, hepatomegaly and crepitations in both lungs | N/A | Tenofovir and lenvatinib | 9 days, Death |
Ibarra-Sifuentes et al., 2023 | 59, Male | Type 2 diabetes remission | Asthenia, loss of appetite, involuntary weight loss, subacute cough and decreased breath sounds in the right lung | Poorly differentiated invasive HCC | Palliative care | 2 months, Death |